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LEGAL UPDATE
FOR VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS:
MANAGING THE ORGANISATION
This page provides information of a general nature for management committees/trustees and staff of voluntary organisations about legal changes over the past year and forthcoming changes, relating to data protection, electronic communications, internet, intellectual property, human rights, charity law, company and related law, finance, property, licensing etc. Information about earlier changes is archived at
www.sandy-a.co.uk/vslh.htm.
Another page,
EMPLOYMENT,
covers employment, volunteering, equal opportunities, and health and safety.
The information and commentary on this website cover the law applicable to England, and may not apply in Wales, Northern Ireland and/or Scotland. It is provided free of charge for information purposes only, and is not a full or definitive statement of the law. Reasonable efforts are made to keep the information and commentary accurate and up to date, but no responsibility for its accuracy and correctness, or for any consequences of relying on it, is assumed by Sandy Adirondack. The information and commentary do not, and are not intended to, amount to legal advice to any person or organisation on a specific case or matter and are not intended as a substitute for professional advice.
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Items on this website are cross-referenced to the 2nd edition of The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook by Sandy Adirondack and James Sinclair Taylor, and are generally in the same order as in the book. VSLH was published in 2001 and costs £50 for voluntary organisations, £80 others, + 10% p&p. We are now working on a new edition which we hope will be published in mid 2008 (£60 for voluntary organisations, £90 others, + 10% p&p). To order, print out the order form at Books by post or send an email order by clicking
Dates in red below have been updated in the past three months (more or less).
GOVERNANCE AND TRUSTEESHIP
Specimen skills register for board members
(added 24/3/08)
CRB checks on charity trustees
(updated 25/3/08)
Charities Act 2006: Determining charity membership
(updated 19/2/07)
Charities Act 2006: Suspension or removal from membership
(updated 22/3/08)
Charities Act 2006: Waiver of trustee disqualification
(updated 19/2/07)
What trustees shouldn't delegate
(added 24/3/08)
Charities Act 2006: Remuneration of trustees
(updated 22/3/08)
Charities Act 2006: Relief of trustee liability
(updated 19/2/07)
Charities Act 2006: Trustee indemnity insurance
(updated 19/2/07)
CHARITY LAW
The Charities Act 2006: Implementation timetable
(updated 1/4/08)
Charity legislation for Northern Ireland
(updated 22/3/08)
Charities Act 2006: Charitable incorporated organisation (from late 2008/early 2009)
(updated 22/3/08)
Charities Act 2006: The Charity Commission
(updated 23/2/07)
Charities Act 2006: Charity tribunal
(updated 22/3/08)
Removal of inactive charities from register of charities
(added 7/7/07)
Charities Act 2006: Publicity for Charity Commission schemes
(added 18/3/07)
Charities Act 2006: New Charity Commission powers
(updated 22/3/08)
Charity Commission inquiry reports online
(updated 18/11/07)
Charities Act 2006: Charitable purposes
(updated 1/4/08)
Charities Act 2006: The public benefit test
(updated 1/4/08)
Charities Act 2006: Recreational charities
(updated 1/4/08)
Charities Act 2006: Miners' welfare trusts and community amateur sports clubs (1 April 2009)
(updated 1/4/08)
Charities Act 2006: Amending a charitable company's memorandum & articles
(updated 22/3/08)
Charities Act 2006: Amending an unincorporated charity's governing document
(updated 22/3/08)
Charities Act 2006: Registration threshold for small charities
(updated 21/5/07)
Charities Act 2006: Registration of excepted charities (October 2008)
(updated 18/11/07)
Charities Act 2006: Registration of exempt charities (2009)
(updated 18/11/07)
Online registration for some charities
(added 5/4/08)
Details of newly registered charities
(added 18/11/07)
Charities operating in Scotland
(updated 18/11/07)
Guidance on collaborative working, partnerships and mergers
(updated 23/11/07)
Charities Act 2006: Power to transfer all property
(updated 22/3/08)
Charities Act 2006: Charity mergers
(updated 25/3/08)
Disclosure of details of charities registered in Scotland
(updated 5/4/08)
Campaigning and political activities by charities
(updated 22/3/08)
COMPANY LAW
Companies Act 2006: Resources
(updated 18/11/07)
Companies Act 2006: Implementation timetable
(added 23/11/07)
Disclosure of company details
(added 10/1/07)
Companies Act 2006: Company communications
(corrected 18/11/07)
Companies Act 2006: In effect 1 October 2007 or earlier
(updated 18/11/07)
Companies Act 2006: In effect from 6 April 2008
(updated 5/4/08)
Companies Act 2006: In effect for financial years starting on or after 6 April 2008
(updated 4/4/08)
Companies Act 2006: In effect from 1 October 2008
(updated 15/12/07)
Companies Act 2006: In effect from 1 October 2009
(updated 15/12/07)
Cross-border company mergers
(added 18/11/07)
INFORMATION AND DATA PROTECTION
Freedom of information and contracts
(updated 11/2/08)
The end of the exemption for pre-1998 paper files
(updated 23/11/07)
Wider definition of personal data
(added 23/11/07)
Data protection guidance for not-for-profit organisations
(added 23/11/07)
Sharing personal data with other organisations
(added 29/7/07)
Trade mark registration
(added 3/2/08)
MARKETING, FUNDRAISING AND FUNDING
Trustees' fundraising duties
(added 14/12/07)
Fundraising Standards Board and donors' charter
(added 23/2/07)
Charities Act 2006: Cy près provisions
(updated 22/3/08)
Charities Act 2006: Professional fundraisers, commercial participators and others raising funds
(updated 5/4/08)
Charities Act 2006: Public collections (not before 2009)
(updated 22/9/07)
Changes for lotteries and gaming
(updated 13/12/07)
Gift aid tax recovery and supplement
(added 5/4/08)
Charities and public sector services
(updated 18/3/07)
Guidance on public sector contracts
(updated 11/4/08)
FINANCE
Charities Act 2006: Group accounts
(updated 1/4/08)
Charities Act 2006: Audit or independent examination of unincorporated charities
(updated 19/2/07)
Charities Act 2006 & Companies Act 2006: Audit or independent examination of charitable companies
(updated 1/4/08)
Charities Act 2006: Obligation to provide annual report to anyone who asks
(added 18/3/07)
Charities Act 2006: Change in annual return threshold
(added 18/3/07)
Charities Act 2006: Failure to submit annual reports or returns
(updated 22/3/08)
Charities Act 2006: Whistleblowing by auditors and independent examiners
(updated 1/4/08)
Charities Act 2006: Power to spend permanent endowment
(updated 22/3/08)
Resources for socially responsible investment
(added 13/7/08)
For provisions relating to company accounts see Companies Act implementation timetable
VAT
Briefings on VAT and fundraising
(added 19/7/08)
VAT threshold
(updated 22/3/08)
VAT claims from before 1 May 1997
(updated 19/7/08)
VAT on research funded by government grants
(updated 23/7/08)
VAT on fundraising holidays and challenge events
(added 19/7/08)
Withdrawal of VAT concession on the provision of staff
(added 19/7/08)
PROPERTY
Charities Act 2006: Restrictions on charity mortgages
(added 18/3/07)
Charities Act 2006: Connected persons for charity land transactions
(added 18/3/07)
Code for business leases
(added 9/9/07)
Code for commercial property service charges
(added 9/9/07)
Commercial rent arrears recovery
(added 12/4/08)
Changes in rate relief for empty property
(added 5/4/08)
Energy performance certificates
(added 12/9/07)
Energy efficiency guidance
(added 12/9/07)
Online resources for environmental compliance
(added 15/9/07)
Disposing of electrical and electronic equipment
(updated 12/9/07)
Disposing of non-hazardous waste
(added 12/9/07)
Charges for disposing of waste from charity shops
(added 15/9/07)
Construction site waste management
(added 5/4/08)
OTHER NEWS
Human rights advice for voluntary organisations
(added 6/8/06)
You can also find legal updates for voluntary organisations on the website of the Charity Team at Russell-Cooke Solicitors at www.russell-cooke.co.uk
and information about changes in tax and finance law on the Sayer Vincent website at www.sayervincent.co.uk.
GOVERNANCE, MEMBERSHIP AND TRUSTEESHIP
SPECIMEN SKILLS REGISTER FOR BOARD MEMBERS
Added 24/3/08.
I was once asked to join the management committee/board of an organisation which before accepting me, sent me a skills audit with 120 (if I remember rightly) skills and areas of expertise, asking me to tick whether I met each fully, mostly, partly or not at all. I also had to tick whether I wanted training in any of the 120 areas, and if so whether it should be at introductory, intermediate or advanced level. Guess what? Despite my commitment to the organisation and its work, I didn't fill in the form and I didn't join that committee.
The Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators (ICSA) published on 19 March 2008 a much more user-friendly, and useful, guidance note on putting together a skills audit and register, looking at broad areas of expertise and experience and how they can be useful to the organisation. Although called a skills register for charity trustees, it is equally appropriate for non-charitable voluntary organisations.
The guidance note, along with a full list of ICSA's extremely useful materials for voluntary sector and other boards, can be accessed via tinyurl.com/32m2ku.
Go back to contents
Go to archived items about governing bodies (VSLH chapter 11)
CRB CHECKS ON CHARITY TRUSTEES
Updated 25/3/08. This information updates s.7.2.4 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From 1 October 2007, most organisations working with children or providing care services to vulnerable adults and seeking charity registration must provide the Charity Commission with a signed declaration that Criminal Record Bureau checks have been carried out for their proposed trustees. This rescinds a previous requirement to provide the Commission with evidence of the checks.
Details of the Charity Commission's requirements are at www.charitycommission.gov.uk/registration/crb.asp.
In addition to the Commission's requirements for trustees of new charities, it is unlawful for any person to serve as a trustee of a "children's charity" as defined in the Protection of Children Act 1999 unless a CRB check has been carried out.
In a report issued in November 2007, the Commission made clear that trustees who fail to carry out such checks on new trustees or staff could themselves be in breach of their duty of care to the charity. The report, which can be accessed via tinyurl.com/2syx6w, is into an unnamed charity which recruited a staff member and trustee with criminal records, who posed a "high risk" to vulnerable beneficiaries.
Detailed information about CRB and other checks on potential trustees for both new and existing charities is in CC30 Finding new trustees: What charities need to know, updated in October 2007. This is at www.charitycommission.gov.uk/publications/cc30.asp.
For information about the Commission's general guidance on safeguarding children see www.sandy-a.co.uk/employment.htm#ch-ldprotection.
Go back to contents
Go to archived items about registering as a charity (VSLH chapter 7)
Charities Act 2006
DETERMINING CHARITY MEMBERSHIP
Updated 19/2/07. This information updates s.10.4.5 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
Where there is doubt or a dispute about who the members of a membership charity are, the Charity Commission has power from 27 February 2007 to decide authoritatively or appoint a person to determine who the members are. The Commission can exercise this power only if the charity applies for a decision, or if the Commission has started an inquiry into the charity under s.8 of the Charities Act 1993.
This provision is in s.25 of the Charities Act 2006, which inserts new s.29A to the Charities Act 1993. For links to the Acts and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006.
Go back to Charities Act implementation timetable
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Go to archived items about membership (VSLH chapter 10)
Charities Act 2006
SUSPENSION OR REMOVAL FROM MEMBERSHIP
Updated 22/3/08. This information updates s.10.8.5 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From 18 March 2008, when the Charity Commission exercises its power under s.18 of the Charities Act 1993 to suspend or remove from office a trustee, officer, agent or employee of a charity, it also has power, if the person is a member of the charity, to remove the person from membership.
This provision is in s.19 of the Charities Act 2006, which inserts new s.18A to the Charities Act 1993. For links to the Acts and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006.
Go back to Charities Act implementation timetable
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Go to archived items about membership (VSLH chapter 10)
Charities Act 2006
WAIVER OF TRUSTEE DISQUALIFICATION
Updated 19/2/07. This information updates s.11.3.2.5 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
A person who has been removed as a charity trustee by the Charity Commission, High Court or Court of Session in Scotland is disqualified from serving as a trustee for any charity unless the Charity Commission waives the disqualification. From 27 February 2007, the Commission has to grant any application for a waiver where the person has been disqualified under these provisions for more than five years, unless it has good reason for not granting the waiver. However the Commission cannot grant a waiver under these provisions where the person would become a trustee of a charitable company, and he or she is an undischarged bankrupt or is disqualified from serving as a company director.
This provision is in s.35 of the Charities Act 2006, which inserts new s.72(4A) to the Charities Act 1993. For links to the Acts and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006.
Go back to Charities Act implementation timetable
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Go to archived items about the governing body (VSLH chapter 11)
WHAT TRUSTEES SHOULDN'T DELEGATE
Added 24/3/08. This information updates s.13.5 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
The Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators published on 14 March 2008 a guidance note on matters reserved for the board of trustees, which can be accessed via tinyurl.com/32m2ku. This lists issues which must or should be dealt with by the board, rather than being delegated to senior management or other staff. It is based on charity and company law, the Good Governance code for the voluntary and community sector and good practice.
Go back to contents
Go to archived items about duties of governing body members (VSLH chapter 13)
Charities Act 2006
REMUNERATION OF TRUSTEES
Updated 22/3/08. This information updates ss.14.3.5 & 14.3.6 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From 18 March 2008 a trustee or person connected with a trustee (a "relevant person") can be remunerated for services provided to the charity (but not for services as a trustee or as an employee) provided:
-
there is no express (explicit) provision in the governing document prohibiting the relevant person from receiving the remuneration;
-
the trustees (excluding the trustee who would be paid or who is connected to the person who would be paid) decide it is in the interest of the charity for the services to be provided by that person, and agree the amount or a maximum amount to be paid;
-
before entering into the agreement, the trustees consider Charity Commission guidance about such payments;
-
the amount is not more than is reasonable for the provision of those services by that person;
-
the amount or maximum amount is then set out in a written agreement between the charity and the person; and
-
only a minority of the trustees are at any time entitled to remuneration under such agreements or other arrangements.
The Charity Commission has already been making it easier for such payments to be made (see payments to charity trustees).
The relevant trustees are disqualified from acting as a trustee in relation to decisions or other matters about the agreement. The Charity Commission can require the trustee or connected person to repay remuneration or the value of any benefit in kind where this disqualification rule has not been followed.
For these rules a connected person is
(a) a child, parent, grandchild, grandparent, brother or sister of the trustee;
(b) the spouse or civil partner of the trustee or of any person falling within (a);
(c) an institution which is controlled for a charity trustee or by any person falling within paragraph (a) or (b), or by two or more such persons; or
(d) a body corporate in which any connected person falling within any of paragraphs (a) to (c) has a substantial interest, or two or more such persons, when taken together, have a substantial interest.
Note that there are different definitions of connected person for land transactions by charities, and for company conflict of interest rules see Connected persons for charity land transactions, and connected person under Companies Act - in effect 1 October 2007.
These provisions are in s.36-37 of the Charities Act 2006, which insert new ss.73A-73C to the Charities Act 1993. For links to the Acts and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006.
Go back to Charities Act implementation timetable
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Go to archived items about payments and benefits for governing body members (VSLH chapter 14)
Charities Act 2006
RELIEF OF TRUSTEE LIABILITY
Updated 19/2/07. This information updates ss.19.3.5 & 51.7 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From 27 February 2007, trustees can apply to the Charity Commission as well as the court for relief from personal liability for breach of trust or duty if they have acted honestly and reasonably. [Note that incorporation does not provide protection from personal liability for breach of trust.] The Commission is also able to grant relief to a charity's auditor, independent examiner or reporting accountant.
These provisions are in s.38 of the Charities Act 2006, which inserts new ss.73D-73E to the Charities Act 1993. For links to the Acts and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006.
Go back to Charities Act implementation timetable
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Go to archived items about liability (VSLH chapter 19)
Charities Act 2006
TRUSTEE INDEMNITY INSURANCE
Updated 19/2/07. This information updates ss.20.2.4 & 20.10 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From 27 February 2007, trustees can use charitable funds to purchase trustee indemnity insurance, if they believe it is in the best interests of the charity to do so even if it is not authorised by the governing document. Charity Commission consent is required only if the governing document explicitly prohibits using the charity's funds for trustee indemnity insurance. The Act sets out what can and cannot be covered by such insurance.
These provisions are in s.39 of the Charities Act 2006, which inserts new s.73F to the Charities Act 1993. For links to the Acts and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006.
Go back to Charities Act implementation timetable
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Go to archived items about insurance (VSLH chapter 20)
CHARITY LAW
THE CHARITIES ACT 2006: IMPLEMENTATION TIMETABLE
Updated 1/4/08.
The Charities Act 2006 is coming into effect in stages from 2007 until 2009 or later, with the first commencement order mostly taking effect from 27 February 2007, the second on 28 November 2007 and 1 April 2008, the third on 18 March 2008, and the fourth on 1 April 2008, and future orders on 1 October 2008 and 1 April 2009. No dates have yet been set for charitable incorporated organisations, registration of exempt charities and the new rules on licensing of public collections.
A plain English guide to the Act, entitled Charities Act 2006: What trustees need to know was published by the Office of the Third Sector and the Charity Commission in May 2007. It can be printed out as a pdf document from tinyurl.com/2apspb or used as an online interactive document at tinyurl.com/yuvqxd, or is available free of charge by ringing 0845 015 0100 and quoting URN 07/Z2 and the title of the publication. It is also available in Welsh and large format.
The Act (in pdf format) is at www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2006/ukpga_20060050_en.pdf, and in html format at www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2006/20060050.htm.
Explanatory notes to the Act are at www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/en2006/2006en50.htm.
The Charity Commission's guide to the main provisions is at www.charitycommission.gov.uk/spr/ca2006prov.asp.
The Office of the Third Sector's implementation timetable can be accessed via tinyurl.com/36p8fm. The fourth commencement order is at www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2008/uksi_20080945_en_1.
Many of the provisions in the Act amend the Charities Act 1993. This is at www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1993/Ukpga_19930010_en_1.htm.
Where the 2006 Act amends other legislation, the reference is given in the relevant section below.
It is expected that the Law Commission will work on a consolidated version of charity law during 2008, and that a consolidated Act or Acts might be enacted during the 2008/09 parliamentary session.
IN EFFECT FROM 27 FEBRUARY 2007
The Charity Commission
Publicity for Commission schemes
Commission power to give advice and guidance
Charity Commission power to enter premises and seize documents
Amending an unincorporated charity's powers and procedures
Deciding charity membership
Waiver of trustee disqualification
Relief of trustee liability
Purchase of trustee indemnity insurance
Reserve power to control fundraising by charitable institutions
Obligation to provide annual report to anyone who asks
Change in annual return threshold
Failure to submit annual reports or returns
Restrictions on mortgaging charity land
Connected persons for charity land transactions
IN EFFECT FOR FINANCIAL YEARS
STARTING ON OR AFTER 27 FEBRUARY 2007
Audit or independent examination of unincorporated charities
Audit or independent examination of charitable companies
IN EFFECT FROM 23 APRIL 2007
Registration threshold for small charities
IN EFFECT FROM 28 NOVEMBER 2007
Charity mergers
IN EFFECT FROM 18 MARCH 2008
Charity tribunal
Commission power to give specific directions for protection of charity
Commission power to direct application of charity property
Amending an unincorporated charity's objects
Amending a charitable company's memorandum & articles
Power to transfer all property
Suspension or removal from membership of the charity
Remuneration of trustees
Cy près provisions
Power to spend permanent endowment
IN EFFECT FROM 1 APRIL 2008
Charitable purposes
The public benefit test
Recreational charities
Statements by professional fundraisers, commercial participators and others raising funds
IN EFFECT FOR FINANCIAL YEARS STARTING ON OR AFTER 1 APRIL 2008
Requirement to report on public benefit in the annual report
Group accounts of unincorporated and incorporated charities
Audit or independent examination of charitable companies
Whistleblowing by auditors and independent examiners
EXPECTED TO COME INTO EFFECT 1 OCTOBER 2008
Registration of excepted charities
EXPECTED TO COME INTO EFFECT LATE 2008/EARLY 2009
Charitable incorporated organisation (CIO)
EXPECTED TO COME INTO EFFECT 1 APRIL 2009
Status of miners' welfare trusts and community amateur sports clubs
EXPECTED TO COME INTO EFFECT IN 2009
Registration of exempt charities
EXPECTED TO COME INTO EFFECT NOT BEFORE 2009
Public collections
Under s.73 of the Act, a review of the Act must start by November 2011, looking in particular at the status of the Charity Commission as a government department and the effect of the Act on excepted charities, public confidence in charities, the level of charitable donations and the willingness of individuals to volunteer.
Please note that the Charities Act provisions are set out below by topic and then in the order they would appear in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook, rather than in order of Charities Act section numbering or in chronological order by implementation date. It may not make much sense, but it's the way most of the website is structured.
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CHARITY LEGISLATION FOR NORTHERN IRELAND
Updated 22/3/08. This information updates parts of chapter 3 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
The Northern Ireland Charities Bill, creating for the first time a statutory framework for charities in Northern Ireland and establishing a Charity Commission (CCNI) and charity tribunal, is making its way through the Northern Ireland Assembly. It is now hoped it will become law by late summer 2008.
The draft legislation is similar to the 1993 and 2006 Charities Acts for England and Wales. Some significant points are:
-
"The advancement of peace and good community relations" is included in the charitable purpose that includes the advancement of human rights, conflict resolution, reconciliation etc.
-
Promoting the efficiency of the armed forces is not a charitable purpose (as it is in England and Wales).
-
There will be a public benefit test similar to Scotland, and as in Scotland all charities will be required to register, with no exemptions.
-
"Designated religious charities" which meet certain criteria will have more organisational freedom than other charities.
-
Charities based in England/Wales, Scotland or the Republic of Ireland that operate in Northern Ireland will have to register with the CCNI, but it will be a "light touch" registration rather than full registration.
Information from the Northern Ireland Council for Voluntary Action (NICVA) is at tinyurl.com/228jtw.Their website has links to the Bill and other websites.
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Go to archived items about charitable status and regulation (VSLH chapter 3)
Charities Act 2006: Not yet in effect
CHARITABLE INCORPORATED ORGANISATION
Updated 22/3/08. This information updates s.2.2 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
The Charities Act includes in schedule 7 details of the new legal structure of charitable incorporated organisation (Welsh equivalent=SEC). This was expected to become available in summer 2008 but the draft regulations and model constitutions are not expected to be published for consultation until May 2008, and the structure is not expected to become available until late 2008 or early 2009.
The whole point of the CIO was to create a structure with charitable status that has the advantages of legal personality and limited liability, without the burdens of company law and the confusions of dual registration with and dual accountability to the Charity Commission and Companies House. However, the reform of company law (see Companies Act 2006) may mean that the charitable company structure ends up being simpler to operate than the CIO structure. The standard advice remains that an unincorporated charity that needs the advantages of incorporation should look at becoming a charitable company now, rather than waiting for the CIO to become available.
Schedule 7 of the 2006 Act inserts new ss.69A-69Q and a new schedule 5B into the Charities Act 1993. The provisions in schedule 7 will be expanded in regulations. The main provisions in schedule 7 are:
-
New s.69A
CIOs must have a constitution, a principal office in England or Wales, and one or more members. Members may be either not liable to contribute to the assets of the CIO if it is wound up, or liable to contribute up to a maximum amount each.
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s.69B
The constitution must include name, purposes, whether the principal office is in England or Wales, liability of members, eligibility and procedure for membership, eligibility and procedure for trustees, use of the CIO's property on dissolution, and such other matters as will be specified in regulations. The constitution must be in the form set out in the regulations, or as near to that form as possible.
-
s.69C
The CIO's name must appear on specified documents, and if the name does not include "charitable incorporated organisation", "CIO" or the Welsh equivalent, the fact that it is a CIO must also appear.
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s.69D
It is an offence, punishable by a fine, to issue or sign, or authorise to be issued or signed, a document that does not have the CIO's name and status when it should do. A person who signs or authorises a document to be signed without the necessary information can be personally liable for the cheque, order etc if it is not honoured by the CIO.
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s.69E
Sets out the basic procedures for registration with the Charity Commission and when the Commission must or may refuse registration. The details will be set out in regulations.
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s.69F
Any property vested in the applicants for the charitable purposes of the CIO becomes, on registration, vested in the CIO.
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s.69G
Charitable companies and charitable industrial and provident societies can apply to be converted to a CIO, but not if they are exempt charities or if they have a share capital and some of the shares are not fully paid up. (At the moment all IPSs are exempt charities, but when schedule 5 of the Charities Act 2006 comes into effect, many IPSs will cease to be exempt see registration of exempt charities.) The existing company or IPS must pass a resolution in a specified form and provide specified documents to the Charity Commission. Where the converting organisation is a company limited by guarantee, the amount of the guarantee (the amount the company members must contribute if the company is wound up) must be included in the CIO constitution. But if the guarantee amount is £10 or less, the guarantee is extinguished when the company converts to a CIO, and there is no need to include a guarantee in the CIO constitution.
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s.69H
Sets out how the Commission will consult on applications for conversion, and when it must or may refuse an application for conversion.
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s.69I
Sets out procedures for the registrar of companies or the Financial Services Authority to cancel registration of the company or IPS when it has been registered as a CIO.
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s.69J
Provides for regulations to be made about conversion of a community interest company (CIC) into a CIO.
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ss.69K-69L
Set out the procedure for two or more CIOs to amalgamate into one new CIO (but there is no provision for a charitable company or IPS to merge with a CIO, or for two companies or IPSs to become a CIO by merger).
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s.69M
Sets out the procedure for a CIO to transfer all of its property, rights and liabilities to another CIO.
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s.69N
Provides for regulations to be made about winding up CIOs, their insolvency, their dissolution, and revival and restoration to the register following dissolution.
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New schedule 5B to the 1993 Act
Sets out provisions some of which will, in due course, form the basis for the model CIO constitution. These include powers, duties of members and trustees, personal benefit and payments, internal procedures, and constitutional amendment.
It was originally proposed that the CIO would be available in a two-tier format (members and trustees) suitable for a membership organisation, and a single-tier "foundation" format where a membership is not required. The Act allows only for a two-tier structure, but new s.69B(6) makes clear that the members and trustees can be the same people. This is the same as in charitable companies.
One of the interesting differences between a CIO and a charitable company is that the directors of a charitable company, as charity trustees, must act in the interests of the company/charity when they are acting as directors/trustees, but when they are acting as company members (i.e. in decisions at general meetings) there is no obligation to act in the interests of the company/charity. Under para.9(a) in the new schedule 5B, the duty to act in the interests of the charity will apply to CIO members as well as trustees.
For links to the Charities Act and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006.
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Charities Act 2006
THE CHARITY COMMISSION
Updated 23/2/07. This information updates s.3.5 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From 27 February 2007, the Charity Commission became a body corporate and non-ministerial government department, outside the direction or control of government ministers. The Commission took on the functions of the Charity Commissioners. Its objectives, functions, duties and powers are defined in the Act. The objectives are:
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to increase public trust and confidence in charities;
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to promote awareness and understanding of the operation of the public benefit requirement;
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to promote compliance by charity trustees with their legal obligations in exercising control and management of the administration of their charities;
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to promote the effective use of charitable resources;
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to enhance the accountability of charities to donors, beneficiaries and the general public.
These provisions are in s.ss.6&7 & schedules 1&2 of the Charities Act 2006, which insert new ss.1A-1D and new schedule 1A into the Charities Act 1993. For links to the Acts and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006.
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Charities Act 2006
CHARITY TRIBUNAL
Updated 22/3/08. This information updates ss.3.4.6 and 3.5.11 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From 18 March 2008 a new independent tribunal makes it possible to appeal against Charity Commission decisions without going to the High Court. In addition, the Commission or Attorney General can take questions of charity law to the tribunal. But the proposal for a "suitors fund" to help cover the cost of appeals did not make it into the Charities Act, and there are concerns that only wealthy charities will be able to use the tribunal.
This provision is in s.8 & schedules 3-4 of the Charities Act 2006, inserting new ss.2A-2D and new schedules 1B-1D into the Charities Act 1993. For links to the Acts and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006.
The Charity Tribunal Rules 2008 are at www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2008/uksi_20080221_en_1, and the Charity Commission's operational guidance, including the background to the tribunal and how it will operate, can be accessed via tinyurl.com/388xl7..
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REMOVAL OF INACTIVE CHARITIES FROM REGISTER OF CHARITIES
Added 7/7/07. This information adds to s.3.5.1 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From November 2007 the Charity Commission began removing from the register those charities which had not been in contact for two years and 10 months or more. Approximately 17,000 charities are more than a year overdue with their returns or updates, and the intention is to bring them into contact with the Commission if they are still operating, or remove them by autumn 2008. If removed they will not cease to be charities, and will still be subject to charity law. But on the assumption that most of them are dormant, it will help the Commission comply with its duty to maintain an up-to-date register.
The detailed proposal, which was agreed at the Commission's board meeting on 24 May 2007, can be accessed via tinyurl.com/2e6pn4.
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Charities Act 2006
PUBLICITY FOR CHARITY COMMISSION SCHEMES
Added 18/3/07. This information updates s.3.5.5 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From 27 February 2007, there is no longer a statutory requirement for Charity Commission schemes and some orders to be publicised. Schemes and orders are made to allow a charity to do something it would otherwise be prevented from doing, because of restrictions in charity law or its governing document. Advertising of changes will be a matter of Commission discretion, which should speed up the process and reduce costs for charities.
This provision is in s.22 of the Charities Act 2006, which replaces s.20 in the Charities Act 1993. For links to the Acts and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006.
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Charities Act 2006
NEW CHARITY COMMISSION POWERS
Updated 22/3/08. This information updates s.3.5.6 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From 27 February 2007 the Charity Commission has power to give advice and guidance, and in addition to its previous power to demand documents and to search records, a new power to enter premises and seize documents in certain circumstances. This requires a warrant and the Commission has said it expects the power to be used only rarely.
These provisions are in ss.24 and 26 of the Charities Act 2006, which replace s.29 and insert new s.31A in the Charities Act 1993.
From 18 March 2008 the Commission has new or extended powers to give specific directions for protection of a charity, and to direct application of charity property. These provisions are in ss.20-21 of the Charities Act 2006, which insert new ss.19A and 19B into the Charities Act 1993.
For links to the Acts and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006.
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CHARITY COMMISSION INQUIRY REPORTS ONLINE
Updated 18/11/07. This information adds to ss.3.5.9 and 4.3.7 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
The Charity Commission regularly publishes on its website the results of its inquiries into individual charities, alphabetically by name of charity. They always they provide a fascinating insight into what can go wrong in charities and how the Commission deals with it. Current and archived reports are available via tinyurl.com/2kjfkd.
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Charities Act 2006
CHARITABLE PURPOSES
Updated 1/4/08. This information updates s.4.3 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From 1 April 2008 the four heads (categories) of charity, originally defined in a case in 1891, are replaced with 12 purposes and a catch-all:
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prevention or relief of poverty;
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advancement of education;
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advancement of religion (which includes religions which involve belief in more than one god, or do not involve belief in a god);
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advancement of health (including the prevention or relief of sickness, disease or human suffering) or the saving of lives;
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advancement of citizenship or community development (including rural or urban regeneration, and the promotion of civic responsibility, volunteering, the voluntary sector or the effectiveness or efficiency of charities);
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advancement of the arts, culture, heritage or science;
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advancement of amateur sport (sports or games which promote health by involving physical or mental skill or exertion);
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advancement of human rights, conflict resolution or reconciliation or the promotion of religious or racial harmony or equality and diversity;
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advancement of environmental protection or improvement;
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relief of those in need by reason of youth, age, ill health, disability, financial hardship or other disadvantage (including relief given by the provision of accommodation or care);
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advancement of animal welfare;
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promotion of the efficiency of the armed forces of the Crown, or the efficiency of the police, fire, and rescue services or ambulance services;
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other purposes currently recognised as charitable under charity law or s.1 of the Recreational Charities Act 1958, and any new purposes which are analogous (similar) to another charitable purpose.
Virtually all of these were already charitable, so the new provisions will make little difference to most existing charities.
The charitable purposes are in s.2 of the Charities Act 2006. For links to the Act and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006. The Recreational Charities Act can be found in the statute law database at www.statutelaw.gov.uk.
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Charities Act 2006
THE PUBLIC BENEFIT TEST
Updated 1/4/08. This information updates s.4.3.8 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
All charities must exist for the public benefit. From 1 April 2008, the presumption that organisations established for the relief of poverty, the advancement of education and the advancement of religion operate for the benefit of the public unless proved otherwise is abolished. When applying for charitable status such organisations now have to show as do organisations established for all other charitable purposes that they will benefit the public. In addition, existing charities which were presumed to be for the benefit of the public, especially those which charge high fees, will be reviewed to ensure they meet the public benefit test.
The Commission's guidance on public benefit, published 16 January 2008, requires all charities to comply with two principles:
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There must be an identifiable benefit or benefits. It must be clear what the benefits are; the benefits must relate to the charity's aims; and benefits must be balanced against any detriment or harm.
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Benefits must be to the public, or a section of the public. The beneficiaries must be appropriate to the aims; the ability to benefit must not be unreasonably restricted by geographical or other restrictions or by ability to pay any fees charged; people in poverty must not be excluded from the opportunity to benefit; and any private benefits must be incidental.
Consultations on guidance what the public benefit test means for charities for the advancement of religion, the prevention or relief of poverty and the promotion of social inclusion will close on 30 June 2008. Consultations on public benefit for charities for the advancement of education and fee-charging charities will close on 11 July 2008. Supplementary guidance for these sectors will be published in the second half of 2008. The Commission will also be publishing draft guidance on public benefit and charities for the advancement of non-religious beliefs.
Charity trustees have a statutory duty to consider the Charity Commission's guidance on public benefit, when exercising powers or duties to which it is relevant. The trustees' obligation to report on public benefit in their annual reports applies for financial years starting on or after 1 April 2008. Charities with annual income below £500,000 have to include a short statement on how they meet the public benefit requirement, and larger charities need to give more details about how their activities during the year have provided public benefit.
The public benefit provisions are in ss.3-4 of the Charities Act 2006. For links to the Act and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006. The Commission's guidance on public benefit and the sub-sector consultation documents are at www.charitycommission.gov.uk/publicbenefit/default.asp.
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Charities Act 2006
RECREATIONAL CHARITIES
Updated 1/4/08. This information updates s.4.3.7.2 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From 1 April 2008 recreational charities for men only are charitable in the same way as recreational charities for the public at large or for women only have been in the past.
This provision is in s.5(1),(2) of the Charities Act 2006, which amends 2.1 of the Recreational Charities Act 1958. For links to the Charities Act and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006. The Recreational Charities Act can be found in the statute law database at www.statutelaw.gov.uk.
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Charities Act 2006: Not yet in effect
STATUS OF MINERS' WELFARE TRUSTS
AND COMMUNITY AMATEUR SPORTS CLUBS
Updated 1/4/08. This information updates s.4.3.7.2 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
When the relevant provisions of the Charities Act 2006 come into effect (expected 1 April 2009) miners' welfare trusts will retain their charitable status if they meet the new statutory definition of charity; if they do not, they will not be able to retain charitable status. Until then, they retain their charitable status. Sports clubs registered with HM Revenue & Customs under the community amateur sports club (CASC) scheme will not be charitable even if their objects are charitable.
These provisions were expected to come into effect on 1 April 2008 but have been postponed.
These provisions are in s.5(3)-(5) of the Charities Act 2006, which amends 2.1 of the Recreational Charities Act 1958. For links to the Charities Act and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006. The Recreational Charities Act can be found in the statute law database at www.statutelaw.gov.uk.
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Charities Act 2006
AMENDING A CHARITABLE COMPANY'S MEMORANDUM AND ARTICES
Updated 22/3/08. This information updates s.5.5.2 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From 18 March 2008 the Charities Act 1993 requirement to obtain prior Charity Commission consent for any change in the memorandum or articles of association "directing or restricting the manner in which the property of the company may be used or applied" no longer applies. Consent is required only for changes to the objects clause, changes relating to use of property when the company is dissolved, or changes relating to the provision of benefit to directors, members of the company or persons connected with them.
This provision is in s.31 of the Charities Act 2006, which amends s.64 of the Charities Act 1993. For links to the Acts and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006.
Explanatory notes to the Act are at www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/en2006/2006en50.htm.
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Charities Act 2006
AMENDING AN UNINCORPORATED CHARITY'S GOVERNING DOCUMENT
Updated 22/3/08. This information updates s.5.5.5 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
In an unincorporated charity of any size the constitutional provisions relating to the powers exercisable by the trustees in administering the charity, and provisions regulating the charity's administrative procedures, can from 27 February 2007 be amended, even if there is no amendment power in the governing document. If the charity is a membership body (with members distinct from the charity trustees) the amendment must be approved by a general meeting of the members. If the charity is not a membership body, the trustees can make the amendment.
Where the governing document contains amendment provisions, they must be followed.
From 18 March 2008, the trustees of an unincorporated charity with annual income no more than £10,000 and which does not hold land designated for specific purposes, may amend by a two-thirds majority the charity's purposes (objects). The new purposes must be charitable and must consist of or include purposes similar to the ones that are being replaced, and the trustees must be satisfied it is in the interests of the charity for the purposes to be changed. The trustees must send a copy of the resolution and their reasons for passing it to the Charity Commission.
These provisions are in ss.41-42 of the Charities Act 2006, which add new s.74C & s.74D to the Charities Act 1993. For links to the Acts and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006.
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Charities Act 2006
REGISTRATION THRESHOLD FOR SMALL CHARITIES
Updated 21/5/07. This information updates s.7.1.1.1 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From 23 April 2007 the threshold at which charities have to register with the Charity Commission is increased from £1000 to £5000. If an organisation based in England or Wales is charitable and has annual gross income of £5000, it must be registered with the Charity Commission unless it is excepted or exempt from registering (see excepted and exempt charities). Gross income is defined as gross income in the immediately preceding financial year, unless the Charity Commission determines otherwise in relation to a specific charity.
Under the 1993 Act, charities which occupy rateable land or have permanent endowment were required to register even if their income was under the threshold. This requirement does not apply under the 2006 Act.
Charities under the threshold which are already registered will remain on the register unless they ask to be removed. Charities with income under the threshold will be able to register voluntarily, but voluntary registration is unlikely to be available until 2009 except for charities which can convince the Commission they have a particular need to register. Even if a small charity is not registered with the Commission it must comply with charity law and is under the jurisdiction of the Commission.
These provisions are in s.9 of the Charities Act 2006, which replaces s.3 of the Charities Act 1993 with ss.3-3B; s.10 of the 2006 Act; and the Charities Act (Interim changes in threshold for registration of small charities) Order 2007 which is at www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2007/20070789.htm. For links to the Acts and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006.
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Charities Act 2006: Not yet in effect
REGISTRATION OF EXCEPTED CHARITIES
Updated 18/11/07. This information updates s.7.1.3 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
When the relevant provisions come into effect (expected 1 October 2008), many charities which are currently excepted from registration will be required to register if their annual gross income is over £100,000. Those under £100,000 will not be required to register but will come under the jurisdiction of the Charity Commission. These changes will primarily affect churches and similar religious bodies, armed forces charities, and Scouts and Guides.
The £100,000 limit will be reviewed in 2011 and may be reduced.
This provision is in s.9 of the Charities Act 2006, which replaces s.3 of the Charities Act 1993 with ss.3-3B. For links to the Acts and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006.
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Charities Act 2006: Not yet in effect
REGISTRATION OF EXEMPT CHARITIES
Updated 18/11/07. This information updates s.7.1.2 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
When the relevant provisions come into effect (expected 2009), exempt charities which have a "principal regulator" who will monitor them for compliance with charity law will remain exempt from registration with the Charity Commission. The Commission will have power to investigate such an exempt charity if the principal regulator requests this.
Where there is no principal regulator, previously exempt charities will come under the jurisdiction of the Charity Commission, and if their annual income is over £100,000 will be required to register with the Commission. The registration threshold may be reduced after review in 2011. These provisions will apply in particular to charitable industrial and provident societies (unless they are registered social landlords).
These provisions are in s.11-14 of the Charities Act 2006, which amend s.24 & schedule 2 and insert new s.86A to the Charities Act 1993; and schedule 5, which amends ss.6,8,9,16-18,28,33 and 73 of the 1993 Act. For links to the Acts and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006.
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ONLINE REGISTRATION FOR SOME CHARITIES
Added 5/4/08. This information adds to s.7.2 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From February 2008 charities which use an approved (also called standard) governing document can register online. The Charity Commission has approved governing documents for about 80 types of organisation, including Age Concern, Citizens Advice Bureau, Neighhourhood Watch, and pre-school playgroups. For charities using an approved governing document, the average registration time is 15 days (compared with 32 days for other charities); the Commission hopes to reduce the registration time for online applications to five days by the end of 2008.
The Commission's intention is to extend online registration to all charities.
Information about charity registration, including the online application form and a list of approved governing documents, is at www.charitycommission.gov.uk/registration.
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DETAILS OF NEWLY REGISTERED CHARITIES
Added 18/11/07. This information adds to s.7.2 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From 31 October 2007 the Charity Commission is including on its website a list of all newly registered charities. The list is arranged alphabetically by postcode of the charity correspondent, and it is possible to view charities registered in the last seven days or the previous week, month or quarter.
The list of recently registered charities is at www.charitycommission.gov.uk/registeredcharities/recent.asp.
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CHARITIES OPERATING IN SCOTLAND
Updated 18/11/07. This adds a new s.7.5 to The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
Non-Scottish charities with a "significant presence" in Scotland must register with the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR). Charities which are not registered in Scotland cannot refer to themselves as a charity there. Guidance for English and Welsh charities (which also applies to charities in other countries) can be accessed via tinyurl.com/ypp29x.
Because the definitions of what is legally charitable are different in Scotland and in England/Wales, some charities are having to amend their governing document before being able to register in Scotland. This could happen where the objects as worded are not charitable under Scottish law, or where the dissolution clause allows the organisation's property to be given to organisations which do not meet the criteria for Scottish charities. OSCR and the Charity Commission have agreed model clauses for these situations, but even if using these wordings, consent must be obtained from the Commission and OSCR before amending the governing document. The guidance is at tinyurl.com/2s4b6b.
The registration requirement does not apply where a cross-border charity is already recognised as a charity in Scotland by HM Revenue and Customs. Where a charity has branches only the parent charity has to register, not individual branches.
For cross-border charities there are differences in trustee duties (the duties in Scotland are included as part of the Charities and Trustee Investment (Scotland) Act 2005), and in administrative requirements such as what has to be on stationery (for example, a charity which operates in Scotland but does not need to register there must indicate on its stationery, website, cheques etc that it is "a registered charity in England and Wales"). In addition, charities registered in Scotland have to obtain OSCR's consent for change of name, constitutional amendments relating to purpose, merger and dissolution.
For guidance on consents and notifications required under the Scottish Act, click tinyurl.com/yrrfxo.
The Charities and Trustee Investment (Scotland) Act 2005 is at
www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/acts2005/20050010.htm.
Explanatory notes are at www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/en2005/2005en10.htm.
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GUIDANCE ON COLLABORATIVE WORKING, PARTNERSHIPS AND MERGERS
Updated 23/11/07. This information adds to s.9.9 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
The Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators (ICSA) issued in November 2007 a series of guidance notes on charity mergers, covering everything from the feasibility study through internal obstacles, confidentiality agreements and due diligence to the merger and business continuation. Guidance notes 070720-731 and 070801-804 (and lots more other useful stuff) can be downloaded via tinyurl.com/ypf3zr.
The Charity Commission issued in June 2006 guidance on collaborative working and mergers, giving guidance on various types of partnership and merger, issues to watch out for, and examples of arrangements. Collaborative working and mergers: An introduction is at www.charitycommission.gov.uk/publications/cc34.asp.
Joint working agreements: Developing agreements between voluntary or community organisations, issued by the Collaborative Working Unit at NCVO in July 2006, provides further guidance for organisations setting up partnerships. It includes a checklist of what a partnership agreement might include, and is at www.ncvo-vol.org.uk/collaborativeworkingunit/information/?id=3005.
Due diligence demystified: What it is and how you can manage it, published by NCVO's Collaborative Working Unit in December 2006, provides information on due diligence and how to carry it out in the most efficient and cost-effective way. It costs £15 (£10 for NCVO members). Details are at www.ncvo-vol.org.uk/publications/publication.asp?id=3715.
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Charities Act 2006
POWER TO TRANSFER ALL PROPERTY
Updated 22/3/08. This information updates s.21.8.4 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From 18 March 2008, the procedures under which unincorporated charities with annual income of no more than £5000 can transfer all the property of the charity to one or more other charities or change the charity's objects have been simplified, and the threshold has been increased to £10,000. These provisions do not apply where the charity holds land which must be used for the purposes, or any particular purpose, of the charity.
This provision is in s.40 of the Charities Act 2006, which replaces s.74 and adds ss.74A-74B to the Charities Act 1993. For links to the Acts and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006.
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Charities Act 2006
CHARITY MERGERS
Updated 25/3/08. This information updates ss.9.9, 57.12 & 57.13 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From 28 November 2007 two types of "charity merger" are defined under the Charities Act: a merger where one charity (or more) transfers all its property to another charity, and the transferring charity/ies cease to exist; and a merger where two or more charities create a new charity and transfer all their property to it, and the transferring charities cease to exist. An unincorporated charity becoming incorporated falls into the first category.
The Charity Commission has established a register of such mergers. The process for transferring property in such a merger has been simplified, and new provisions ensure that gifts such as legacies which fall due after a charity has merged and ceased to exist, or standing orders where the donor cannot be located to change the details on their standing order, will be treated as if they had been made to the the existing charity.
Past mergers can be entered in the register is they meet the statutory criteria. This will enable "shell" charities which have been retained only to receive legacies and donations to be wound up, knowing that the funds can be paid to the new charity.
These provisions are in s.44 of the Charities Act 2006, which inserts new ss.75C-75F to the Charities Act 1993. For links to the Acts and guidance, see The Charities Act 2006.
The new provisions do not apply to other sorts of merger, for example when part (but not all) of one charity merges with another, or when one charity becomes a subsidiary of another.
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DISCLOSURE OF DETAILS OF CHARITIES REGISTERED IN SCOTLAND
Updated 5/4/08. This information updates s.16.1.4 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
A charity registered in Scotland must include its registered number, full name as registered, any other name by which it is known, and (if its registered name does not include 'charity' or 'charitable', the fact that it is a charity on all of the following documents issued or signed on behalf of the charity on or after 1 April 2008: business letters and emails; advertisements, notices and official publications; documents which solicit money or other property for the benefit of the charity; bills of exchange, promissory notes, endorsements and orders for money or goods; bills rendered; invoices, receipts and letters of credit; annual accounts; educational or campaign documentation; conveyances; and contract documentation. Cheques are explicitly excluded.
Websites are not explicitly listed but good practice would be to put the details on all websites (but not necessarily on every page, unless perhaps the page falls into one of the above categories).
For charities registered after 31 September 2007, the requirement comes into force six months after the date of registration.
The Charities References in Documents (Scotland) Regulations 2007 are at www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/ssi2007/20070203.htm.
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CAMPAIGNING AND POLITICAL ACTIVITIES
BY CHARITIES
Updated 22/3/08. This information updates chapter 41 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
After complaints that previous guidance was too confusing, the Charity Commission released on 6 March 2008 its guidance on campaigning by charities. Speaking Out: Guidance on campaigning on political activity by charities is at www.charitycommission.gov.uk/publications/cc9.asp. It replaces the old CC9 and the CC9 supplement published in April 2007, is in a helpful question and answer format and includes a useful checklist for trustees.
There has been no change in the underlying law on charities and campaigning, but the guidance clarifies the distinction between campaigning (raising awareness of issues, mobilising support, and ensuring the law is observed) and political activities (trying to change the law, or to change policies of local, central or international governments). In either case the activities must support the charity's objects, the trustees must be reasonably confident that the activities will be an effective use of the charity's resources, the trustees should assess the risks involved in the campaigning and political activities, and effectiveness should be assessed.
The old distinction between dominant and ancillary activities is gone. Instead, it is clear that campaigning (awareness raising etc) can be a major and permanent part of a charity's activities or even its only activity, but political activities cannot be the "continuing and sole" activity of the charity. The same criteria apply for activities overseas.
The constitutional position is clarified: In order to undertake campaigning or political activities, charities do not need to have an explicit power in their governing document (constitution, memorandum and articles, trust deed etc). They can undertake these activities unless they are explicitly prohibited by the governing document. (However, be aware that some funders/purchasers of services include a prohibition on some or all such activities. Any such restriction needs to be clarified and negotiated with the funder.)
Charities' relationships with political parties, politicians and candidates are explained and clarified. As in the past, supporting a political party or a particular candidate or candidates is not allowed but it is made clear that a charity can engage with a party or parties to achieve the charity's objects, and can support a particular policy of a party or candidate, provided it does not support the party itself or the candidate. The guidance emphasises the importance of being transparent and neutral, and not being exploited by a party or candidate.
The importance of complying with other law is emphasises throughout for example the law on advertising, and on campaigning during elections.
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COMPANY LAW
Companies Act 2006:
RESOURCES
Updated 18/11/07.
The Companies Act 2006 is available in HTML at www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2006/20060046.htm
and in PDF (760 pages, 2.7MB) at www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2006/ukpga_20060046_en.pdf.
The PDF version is also available divided into three parts. The first part is at www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2006/ukpga_20060046_en_001.pdf.
The explanatory notes are in HTML at www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/en2006/2006en46.htm
and in PDF (275 pages, 1.5MB) at www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/en2006/ukpgaen_20060046_en.pdf.
The final implementation timetable issued in December 2007 is at www.berr.gov.uk/files/file42847.doc.
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Companies Act 2006:
IMPLEMENTATION TIMETABLE
Updated 4/4/08.
The Companies Act 2006 is coming into effect from 2007-2009. The main provisions affecting voluntary organisations are listed below. For details, click on the implementation date.
IN EFFECT FROM 20 JANUARY 2007
Company communications
IN EFFECT FROM 1 OCTOBER 2007
Company constitution
Company directors
General duties of directors
Connected persons
Minutes of directors' meetings
Directors' annual report
Company members
Access to register of members
Derivative claims
Resolutions and company meetings
Annual general meetings
Notice
Proxies
Written resolutions
Minutes, and records of written resolutions
Audit
Auditors' term of office
IN EFFECT FROM 6 APRIL 2008
Company secretary
Removal of former members from register
Execution of company documents
IN EFFECT FOR FINANCIAL YEARS STARTING ON OR AFTER
6 APRIL 2008
Directors' duties when signing accounts
New rules on circulating accounts to company members
Filing period for accounts changed from 10 months to 9 months
Signing of accounts by auditor
Limitation of auditor's liability
EXPECTED 1 OCTOBER 2008
Conflict of interest duties of directors
Objecting to a company name
Minimum age for company directors
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EXPECTED 1 OCTOBER 2009
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DISCLOSURE OF COMPANY DETAILS
Added 10/1/07. This information updates s.16.1.1 in The Voluntary Sector Legal Handbook 2nd edition.
From 1 January 2007, the Companies Act 1985 rules relating to the information that must be on company documents are amended and explicitly extended to include order forms, electronic documents and websites.
Business letters and order forms whether in hard copy, electronic or other form and all of the company's websites must include the company's full name, its place of registration, its company number, the address of its registered office, and in the case of company exempt from the requirement to use "limited" as part of its name, the fact that it is a limited company.
These details do not need to be on every page of a website, but they do need to be "legible", which means they can't be in tiny print.
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